JUnit Tutorial: An Inclusive Guide [With Enhanced Features]

JUnit is a widely used open-source framework in Java, mainly for testing projects in a straightforward manner. Combined with Selenium, it becomes a handy choice for testing websites and web applications. Although Selenium and JUnit can work independently, using them together improves how you structure test cases.

In this JUnit tutorial, you’ll learn that in JUnit, annotations help identify and organize test methods. This, along with JUnit’s support for different assertions, grouping tests, and easy test maintenance, makes it a popular choice, especially for cross-browser testing. Combining JUnit and Selenium simplifies and makes testing Java-based web projects more effective.

In this comprehensive guide to the JUnit tutorial, we will learn all the aspects of JUnit, its architecture, its working, benefits, annotation, and assertions in JUnit 4 and JUnit 5 and their significant differences.

Selenium, supporting languages like Java, C#, Ruby, JavaScript, and more, is a valuable tool for large organizations aiming to automate their software testing processes. This WebDriver tutorial breaks down what WebDriver is, its features, how it operates, best practices, and more.

Let’s get started with this JUnit tutorial!

What is JUnit?

JUnit is a robust Java testing framework that simplifies creating reliable and efficient tests. While its applicability extends to various languages, JUnit excels in testing Java applications and facilitating the development of automated tests.

It offers a suite of features that streamline the test-writing experience. This includes support for diverse test cases, robust assertions, and comprehensive reporting capabilities. JUnit accommodates tests in different languages as a versatile framework, contributing to its widespread adoption.

JUnit finds its roots in the xUnit family of testing frameworks, drawing inspiration from predecessors like C++. This heritage positions JUnit as a framework designed to accommodate various tests, encompassing unit, functional, and integration tests.

While its primary application is in unit testing, JUnit proves adaptable to broader testing scenarios. Functional tests assess the overall functionality of a system, examining its performance as a cohesive whole rather than isolating individual units. In contrast, integration tests delve into the synergy between two or more systems, evaluating how well the components of a system collaborate rather than focusing on individual units.

In short, JUnit’s flexibility, rich feature set, and compatibility with multiple languages have set its reputation as a go-to testing framework, which is pivotal in ensuring the reliability and robustness of Java applications across various testing domains.

https://youtu.be/HXtC-a_4HAc

In the upcoming section of this JUnit tutorial, we will delve into the workings of JUnit, providing a comprehensive understanding of its functionality and usage.

Explore the best automation testing frameworks to elevate your testing strategy!

How Does JUnit Work?

JUnit is a helpful framework for developers to test their applications. It allows tests to be written in Java and executed on the Java platform. JUnit comes with a built-in reporter that displays the test results.

The main purposes of using JUnit for automation testing are straightforward. First, it ensures that the software behaves as intended. If a piece of code doesn’t perform as expected, it’s crucial to promptly identify and address the issue. The second goal is to catch errors in the code early on, following the principle of fixing bugs before they become more complicated.

JUnit supports different types of tests. Unit tests focus on individual code snippets within a class or method. Integration tests assess how all the components work together, while system tests examine entire systems like web servers. Running numerous tests simultaneously is beneficial for efficiency, and JUnit can be used via the command line or integrated into IDEs like Eclipse and IntelliJ.

JUnit simplifies test creation and execution with features such as assertions, which are used to confirm expected system behavior. The framework also provides test runners for executing tests and presenting results. Test suites allow the grouping of related tests for consolidated execution. Additionally, JUnit includes a built-in reporter that offers insights into the executed tests, aiding in result analysis.

Let’s explore more about JUnit 5 architecture to better understand JUnit in the following JUnit tutorial section.

JUnit Architecture

In this section of this JUnit tutorial, we will learn the JUnit 5 architecture. JUnit 5 is structured around several modules distributed across three distinct sub-projects, each serving a specific purpose.

JUnit Platform

The JUnit Platform is the backbone for initiating testing frameworks on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It establishes a robust interface between JUnit and its users, including various build tools. This interface facilitates seamless integration, enabling clients to discover and execute tests effortlessly.

The platform introduces the TestEngine API, a critical component for developing testing frameworks compatible with the JUnit Platform. Developers can implement custom TestEngines, directly incorporating third-party testing libraries into the JUnit ecosystem.

Dive into our comprehensive automation testing tutorial to master your skills!

JUnit Jupiter

The Jupiter module introduces innovative programming and extension models tailored for writing tests in JUnit 5. It brings new annotations that enhance test definition capabilities compared to JUnit 4. Notable annotations include:

JUnit Jupiter

@TestFactory: Marks a method as a test factory for dynamic tests.
@DisplayName: Specifies a custom display name for a test class or method.
@Nested: Indicates that the annotated class is a nested, non-static test class.
@Tag: Allows declaration of tags for filtering tests.
@ExtendWith: Registers custom extensions.
@BeforeEach: Specifies that the annotated method runs before each test method (replacing @Before).
@AfterEach: Specifies that the annotated method runs after each test method (replacing @After).
@BeforeAll: Designates that the annotated method runs before all test methods in the current class (replacing @BeforeClass).
@AfterAll: Designates that the annotated method runs after all test methods in the current class (replacing @AfterClass).
@Disabled: Disables a test class or method (replacing @Ignore).

JUnit Vintage

JUnit Vintage provides compatibility support for running tests built on JUnit 3 and JUnit 4 within the JUnit 5 platform. This ensures smooth migration for projects that rely on earlier JUnit versions.

In summary, the JUnit 5’s architecture, comprising the Platform, Jupiter, and Vintage modules, is outlined in this JUnit tutorial. It is designed to provide flexibility, compatibility, and an enhanced feature set for developers testing Java applications.

Now that we have a better understanding of the architecture of JUnit 5 and its components, let’s look at the benefits of using JUnit in this JUnit tutorial.

Benefits of Using JUnit

Utilizing JUnit, as outlined in this JUnit tutorial, offers a range of advantages, with its principal benefit lying in its capacity to facilitate the development of robust and testable code. Additional reasons to consider integrating JUnit into your software development workflow are discussed in this JUnit tutorial.

Code Organization and Readability: It maintains code organization and readability. Its structured testing approach allows developers to create clear and organized test suites, making it easier to comprehend and navigate the codebase.
Error Identification and Resolution: A key strength of JUnit lies in its ability to detect and rectify errors in code. Through the systematic execution of tests, developers can quickly identify issues, enabling prompt resolution before they escalate into more complex problems.
Enhanced Software Quality: It significantly uplifts the overall quality of software. Enforcing a comprehensive testing methodology helps ensure that each component of the codebase functions as intended, resulting in a more reliable and stable software product.
Efficiency and Testing Process Improvement: It facilitates efficiency gains in the development process. Automation of test cases streamlines repetitive testing tasks, allowing developers to focus on more intricate aspects of code refinement. This, in turn, leads to an improved testing process, fostering a quicker and more reliable development lifecycle.

Incorporating JUnit promotes code reliability and contributes to code clarity, error resolution, software quality enhancement, and overall process efficiency in software development.

Features of JUnit

JUnit simplifies testing by providing a framework to create, execute, and validate test cases effortlessly. With features like annotations, assertions, and automated test runs, JUnit ensures code reliability and easy debugging. Let’s explore these features in detail in this JUnit tutorial guide.

Test Case Definition: It is a Java open-source framework that facilitates the creation and execution of test cases.
IDE Integration: It smoothly integrates with popular IDEs like Eclipse and IntelliJ for quick and convenient code execution.
Annotation Usage: The test methods in JUnit are identified through annotations, simplifying the process for developers.
Assertion Support: Junit supports assertions as they are provided to check and validate expected results during the testing phase.
Test Execution: Its test runners execute the defined test cases in the framework.
Quality Code Assurance: It helps developers produce error-free and high-quality code.
Code Readability and Speed: It contributes to cleaner code and improves execution speed, enhancing overall efficiency.
User-Friendly Interface: This framework is straightforward, making it accessible for developers.
Automation and Feedback: This can automatically run tests and offer feedback on intermediate results.
Visual Feedback: It provides progress is visually indicated through a color-coded progress bar, turning green for successful tests and red for failures.
HTML Test Reports: It helps generate HTML reports for JUnit tests, offering clear and structured insights into test results.
CI/CD Compatibility: It easily integrates with leading CI/CD tools such as Jenkins and TeamCity, facilitating the creation of a robust delivery pipeline.

To explore additional CI/CD tools beyond Jenkins and TeamCity, refer to this guide on the best CI/CD tools. Choose from the list based on your specific requirements and preferences.

Below are the JUnit 5 enhanced functions that have made the JUnit tutorial more robust and versatile, providing developers with advanced features for effective testing and streamlined workflows in this comprehensive JUnit tutorial.

Enhanced features of JUnit 5

JUnit helps developers perform unit testing in Java, ultimately increasing development speed and code quality. Some of the essential features of the JUnit testing framework are listed below.

Exception Handling in JUnit 5

JUnit 5 addresses a significant concern from JUnit 4 related to precise exception and timeout handling, providing developers with more control and clarity in their tests. The introduction of the assertThrows() method is particularly noteworthy for its ability to pinpoint the exact location in code where an exception is expected.

In practical terms, if you have a substantial test with an extensive setup (class instantiation, mock preparation, etc.), you can now specifically test for an exception at a precise point within the code. The assertThrows() method takes advantage of lambda functions, enabling you to isolate the code snippet that should throw the specified exception.

Here is an illustration below for better understanding.

@Test
void shouldThrowException() {
    // ...
    // Verify that parser.parse() throws an IllegalArgumentException
    assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
        parser.parse();
    });
}

This approach improves the precision of exception testing, allowing developers to ensure exceptions are thrown exactly where intended.

Additionally, JUnit 5 introduces the capability to test whether a portion of code executes within a specified time frame using the assertTimeout() method. This is valuable when ascertaining that a particular operation is completed within a defined timeout.

Cha@Test
void testTimeout() {
    // ...
    // Ensure that underTest.longRunningOperation() runs in less than 500 milliseconds
    assertTimeout(Duration.ofMillis(500), () -> {
        underTest.longRunningOperation();
    });
}
nge

Improved Test Display Names

This valuable feature enhances the readability and friendliness of test names through the use of the @DisplayName annotation. This feature allows developers to assign more expressive and human-readable names to their tests. In the example provided, the DisplayNameDemo class showcases the use of @DisplayName at both the class and method levels.

@DisplayName("Display name Class Level")
@DisplayNameGeneration(ReplaceCamelCase.class)
class DisplayNameDemo {
    @Test
    void anotherTestCamelCase() {
        // Test logic here
    }
    @DisplayName("Test parameters with nice names")
    @ParameterizedTest(name = "Use the value {0} for test")
    @ValueSource(ints = { -1, -4 })
    void isValidYear(int number) {
        assertTrue(number < 0);
    }
    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test name with Spaces")
    void testNameCanContainSpaces() {
        // Test logic here
    }
}

This feature is particularly beneficial when viewing test results in an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), providing a clear and organized presentation of test cases. Using descriptive names contributes to better documentation and understanding of the tests, making the testing process more accessible and user-friendly for developers.

Discover key insights in the automation testing vs manual testing debate and enhance your testing approach.

Group Assertions for Comprehensive Testing

Group assertions prove particularly beneficial when testing multiple properties of a component in Adobe Experience Manager (AEM). This feature streamlines the testing process by consolidating multiple assertions into a single collective check, providing a clearer and more informative overview in case of failures.

Consider the following example:

@Test
void testNodeProperties() {
    // Obtain the properties of the component
    ValueMap valueMap = getValueMapOfResource();
    // Group assertions for component properties
    assertAll("Component Properties Check",
            () -> assertEquals("value1", valueMap.get("prop1", "not_set")),
            () -> assertEquals("value2", valueMap.get("prop2", "not_set")),
            () -> assertEquals("value3", valueMap.get("prop3", "not_set"))
    );
}

In the above scenario of this JUnit tutorial, the assertAll() method allows developers to bundle multiple assertions into a single logical unit, named Component Properties Check in this case. If any individual assertions fail, the test will report one collective failure, providing a consolidated view of all the failed assertions.

This approach simplifies the testing of various component properties, offering a more efficient way to ensure that all aspects are correctly set. With group assertions, you can achieve a more organized and insightful testing process, reducing the effort needed to identify and address issues when testing multiple properties within an AEM component.

Dependency Injection with @ExtendWith

This feature is a valuable addition, @ExtendWith, which prioritizes extension points over features. This enhancement significantly expands the functionalities available in your tests, offering a more versatile and extensible testing framework.

In practical terms, extension points act as gateways to additional functionalities in your tests. These extension points include SlingContextExtension and MockitoExtension, which provide specific capabilities for scenarios like testing with the Apache Sling framework or employing the Mockito mocking framework.

Below is the overview of how the @ExtendWith feature can be applied.

@ExtendWith(SlingContextExtension.class)
@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class MyJUnit5Test {
    // Test methods go here
}

In the example above, the @ExtendWith annotation allows developers to incorporate multiple extensions into their test class. These extensions can contribute various functionalities, enabling a more tailored and powerful testing environment.

By leveraging the @ExtendWith feature, JUnit 5 enhances dependency injection capabilities, providing a flexible and extensible foundation for incorporating diverse testing functionalities into your test suites. This contributes to a more modular and adaptable testing approach, aligning with the diverse needs of testing scenarios encountered in real-world application development.

Iterative Testing with @RepeatedTest

Some scenarios often arise where a component contains multiple child components that require individual testing. Traditionally, developers may use repetitive tests or loops to validate each child component. However, JUnit 5 introduces an efficient solution to this challenge through the innovative @RepeatedTest feature.

This improvised list of features in JUnit 5 allows developers to execute the same test multiple times, eliminating the need for manual duplication or intricate loop structures. You can achieve systematic and efficient testing of various components by simply annotating a test method with @RepeatedTest and specifying the desired number of repetitions.

The above are the enhancements made in JUnit 5 to make the testing process smoother and more effective; in the following section of this JUnit tutorial, we will look into the generic features of JUnit irrespective of their versions.

Conditional Tests

This powerful concept of conditional tests provides a valuable tool for executing different tests based on specific environmental conditions. This feature becomes particularly advantageous when adapting your test runs to multiple environments.

Difference Between JUnit 4 and JUnit 5

In this section of the JUnit tutorial, we will learn the differences between JUnit 4 and JUnit 5. These are two major versions of the popular Java testing framework, each introducing significant changes and improvements. Understanding the differences between JUnit 4 and JUnit 5 is crucial for Java developers aiming to adopt the most suitable testing practices for their projects.

If you wish to migrate JUnit 4 to JUnit 5, get complete guidance on how to migrate by referring to this blog on how to execute JUnit 4 with JUnit 5, along with steps that will help you migrate from JUnit 4 to JUnit 5.

As we have learned about JUnit’s functionality, features, and architecture, let’s move ahead in this JUnit tutorial to learn about the JUnit test, unit test, and more.

What is a JUnit Test?

In this section of the JUnit tutorial, we will explore the significance of JUnit testing as we have already learned about JUnit 4 and JUnit 5.

A JUnit test is a Java unit test that utilizes the JUnit framework to ensure the proper functioning of specific units of source code. These units, typically methods or classes, are scrutinized independently, allowing developers to detect, diagnose, and address issues early in development.

The simplicity and precision of JUnit tests contribute to maintaining the overall integrity and reliability of the application. The structured approach provided by the JUnit framework facilitates test automation, seamless integration into development workflows, and the consistent maintenance of high code quality standards throughout the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).

Now that we have learned about JUnit, its features, and JUnit tests, let’s explore why JUnit testing matters in the next part of this JUnit tutorial.

Why is JUnit Testing Important?

In this section of this JUnit tutorial, we will understand why JUnit testing is important and how it helps enhance the automated testing process more effectively.

JUnit testing holds significant importance in Java development, offering a range of advantages for testing Java-based/other projects. Key benefits include:

Early detection of issues during development, enhancing code reliability. Promoting a shift towards spending more time on code comprehension than writing improves code readability and reduces bugs.
Leveraging an open-source framework, it benefits from a broad community, fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing.
Its compatibility with Test-Driven Development (TDD) makes it a valuable tool for developers aiming to build robust and reliable Java applications.

Now that we have learned all about JUnit, its working, architecture, and why it is important. Let us dive deeper into the JUnit testing topic by understanding the role of unit tests. But before that, let’s start by learning unit testing in this JUnit tutorial.

What is Unit Testing?

Unit testing is a straightforward but crucial aspect of software development. It involves testing the smallest parts of an application, units, to ensure their correct functioning. These units are typically individual functions or sections of code.

In unit testing, these parts represent the tiniest code that can operate independently in your software, such as individual functions or methods. The primary aim is to test these parts separately to confirm that they work exactly as intended.

By testing each small code unit individually, developers can catch and fix any issues early in the development process, long before the software is put together into its final version. It’s a proactive approach to preventing small errors from becoming significant problems later.

In the next part of this JUnit tutorial, let’s explore the importance of unit testing and why it is crucial in software development practices.

Compare the benefits of manual vs automation testing and decide the best approach for your needs.

Importance of Unit Testing

Unit testing marks the initial testing stage for web applications, focusing on specific components or units. The primary goal is to verify that each component operates as intended. This testing occurs during the application development process, where the code is divided into smaller units, and developers systematically test each unit.

It serves multiple purposes, including minimizing high-level defects, lowering bug-fixing expenses, and addressing various challenges. Integrating unit testing early in development simplifies code analysis, enabling identifying and resolving bugs in the early stages of the development cycle. Let’s look at the reasons why unit testing is important below.

Early Bug Detection: It plays a crucial role in catching bugs right at the initial stages of development. This early identification and resolution prevent small issues from evolving into complex, system-wide problems.
Code Quality Enhancement: It necessitates rigorous testing of individual units; unit testing encourages developers to create cleaner and more modular code. This practice results in code that is well-structured and easier to maintain.
Facilitates Confident Refactoring: A comprehensive suite of unit tests empowers developers to refactor code confidently. If any changes inadvertently introduce a bug, the existing tests quickly pinpoint the issue.
Documentation Through Testing: It serves as practical documentation by showcasing how each component is supposed to function. This documentation proves invaluable for onboarding new team members, aiding them in understanding the intricacies of the codebase.

Unit tests are designed to be run quickly and often — one at a time or all together. To carry out unit testing, developers use unit testing frameworks to automate unit tests, allowing them to validate the code’s accuracy.

In the next section of this JUnit tutorial, we will delve into the significant role of JUnit in the world of unit testing.

The Role of JUnit in Unit Testing

JUnit plays a vital role in Java unit testing by offering essential features. It introduces annotations to pinpoint test methods and assertions for verifying expected results. Additionally, JUnit includes test runners responsible for executing the tests. One notable advantage is that JUnit tests can be automated, allowing them to assess their own results and promptly deliver feedback. This eliminates the need for manual inspection of a test results report, streamlining the testing process.

To leverage JUnit annotations for testing, it is crucial to install the JUnit dependencies. JUnit 5 is the next generation of the JUnit framework, aiming to establish a contemporary foundation for developer-side testing on the JVM. The focus extends to Java 8 and above, accommodating various testing styles. For dependency management, both Maven and Gradle are viable options.

If using Maven, include the following dependency in your pom.xml file:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
    <artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
    <version>Version number</version> <!-- Use the latest version available -->
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

This ensures that your project has access to the JUnit 5 Jupiter API. Update the version number to the latest release.

In the following section of the JUnit tutorial, we have included detailed information about all JUnit annotations, assertions, and parameterized tests. This coverage encompasses both JUnit 4 and JUnit 5, providing a better understanding of effectively utilizing each annotation and assertion in your testing journey.

JUnit Annotations

JUnit annotations are predefined text elements available in the Java API, assisting the JVM in identifying the intended nature of methods or classes for testing.

In simpler terms, these annotations explicitly indicate methods or classes, attributing specific properties such as testing, disabling tests, ignoring tests, and more. To learn more about JUnit Annotations, follow the video tutorial and get detailed guidance on using JUnit annotations while performing JUnit testing.

https://youtu.be/tpBX5w0I_Jo

JUnit 4 Annotations

In this section of the JUnit tutorial, we will cover JUnit Annotations that are well-known to every developer and tester. Below are the JUnit Annotations used in JUnit 4.

@BeforeClass: It initializes any object in a running test case. When we instantiate an object in the BeforeClass method, it is only invoked once. The primary function of the @BeforeClass JUnit annotation is to execute some statements before all of the test cases specified in the script.

@BeforeClass
public static void SetUpClass() {
    // Initialization code goes here
    System.out.println("This is @BeforeClass annotation");
}

@Before: This annotation is used whenever we wish to initialize an object during the method’s execution. Assuming we have five test cases, the Before method will be called five times before each test method. As a result, it would be invoked every time the test case is run. Test environments are usually set up using this annotation.

@Before
public void SetUp() {
    // Setting up the test environment
    System.out.println("This is @Before annotation");
}

@Test: A test case can be run with @Test annotation when it is attached to the public void method(). It includes the test method for an application that you want to test. It is possible for an automation test script to contain multiple test methods.

@Test
public void Addition() {
    // Test method for addition
}


@Test
public void Multiplication() {
    // Test method for multiplication
}

@After: Whatever we initialized in the @Before annotation method should be released in the @After annotation method. As a result, this annotation is executed after each test method. The primary function of the @After annotation is to delete temporary data. The TearDown() releases resources or cleans up the test environment in @Before.

@After
public void TearDown() {
    // Cleaning up the test environment
    System.out.println("This is @After annotation");
}

@AfterClass: Everything we initialized in the @BeforeClass annotation method should be released in the @AfterClass annotation method. As a result, this annotation is only executed once but only after all tests have been completed. And the TearDownClass() is used to release the resources initialized in @BeforeClass.

@AfterClass
public static void TearDownClass() {
    // Release your resources here
    System.out.println("This is @AfterClass annotation");
}

The @Ignore annotation directs JUnit to skip the execution of the annotated method. This proves useful when a particular code module is unavailable for a specific test case.

The test case is prevented from failing by temporarily placing the concerned code module within the @Ignore annotated method.

In JUnit 4, this annotation provides detailed reporting, helping you keep track of the number of tests that were ignored and the number of tests that ran and failed.

@Ignore
    public void IgnoreMessage()
    {
       String info = "JUnit Annotation Blog" ;
       assertEquals(info,"JUnit Annotation Blog");
       System.out.println("This is @Ignore annotation");
    }

To understand JUnit annotation better, below is the compiled code with output representing all the JUnits annotations in Selenium.

package JUnitAnnotationBlog;

 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;

 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.AfterClass;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.BeforeClass;
 import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Test;

 public class JUnitAnnotations {

     int a=10;
     int b=5;
     Object c;


     @BeforeClass
     public static void SetUpClass()
     {
             //Initialization code goes here
             System.out.println("This is @BeforeClass annotation");
     }


     @Before
     public void SetUp()
     {  
             // Setting up the test environment
             System.out.println("This is @Before annotation");
     }


     @Test
     public void Addition()
     {  
             c= a+b;
             assertEquals(15,c);
             System.out.println("This is first @Test annotation method= " +c);
     }

     @Test
     public void Multiplication()
     {  
             c=a*b;
             assertEquals(50,c);
             System.out.println("This is second @Test annotation method= " +c);
     }


     @After
     public void TearDown()
     {
             // Cleaning up the test environment
             c= null;
             System.out.println("This is @After annotation");
     }


     @AfterClass
     public static void TearDownClass()
     {
             //Release your resources here
             System.out.println("This is @AfterClass annotation");
     }

     @Ignore
     public void IgnoreMessage()
     {
        String info = "JUnit Annotation Blog" ;
        assertEquals(info,"JUnit Annotation Blog");
        System.out.println("This is @Ignore annotation");
     }


 }

Now that you have gained insights into JUnit 4 annotations, let’s explore JUnit 5 annotations to understand the changes in functionality and usage.

Junit 5 Annotations

Notably, as of JUnit 5, a significant change is evident — test classes and methods no longer require public visibility.

Let’s now navigate through the key JUnit 5 annotations commonly used.

@Test : This annotation signifies that a method is a test method. It’s important to note that this annotation doesn’t take any attributes.

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;


class JUnit5Test {

    @Test
    void TestNewJUnit5() {
        assertEquals(10, 7+7);
    }
}

@ParameterizedTest : This annotation enables the execution of a test multiple times with varying arguments. Parameterized tests are defined similarly to regular @Test methods but leverage the @ParameterizedTest annotation.

In this context, it is essential to declare a source responsible for providing arguments for each invocation utilized within the test method.

For instance, consider the following example illustrating a parameterized test utilizing the @ValueSource annotation to specify a String array as the source of arguments.

import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ValueSource;


import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;


class JUnit5Test {


    @ParameterizedTest
    @ValueSource(strings = { "Kali", "eali", "dani" })
    void endsWithI(String str) {
        assertTrue(str.endsWith("i"));
    }
}

@RepeatedTest: In JUnit 5, you can effortlessly repeat a test for a specified number of iterations by annotating a method with @RepeatedTest and indicating the desired total repetitions.

Each iteration of a repeated test functions similarly to the execution of a standard @Test method. This feature proves especially valuable, notably in UI testing scenarios involving Selenium.

Below is a simpler example of repeating a test using flipping a coin:

import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.RepeatedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.RepetitionInfo;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestInfo;


import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;


class CoinFlipTest {


    @RepeatedTest(5)
    @DisplayName("Coin Flip Test")
    void flipCoin(RepetitionInfo repetitionInfo, TestInfo testInfo) {
        String result = flipACoin();


        System.out.println(testInfo.getDisplayName() + " - Result: "+ result);


        // Ensure the result is either "Heads" or "Tails"
        assertTrue(result.equals("Heads") || result.equals("Tails"));
    }


    private String flipACoin() {
        // Simulate flipping a coin and return the result
        return (Math.random() < 0.5) ? "Heads" : "Tails";
    }
}

@DisplayName: This annotation allows test classes and methods to define custom display names, providing more meaningful and descriptive names for test runners and test reports.

import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestInfo;


@DisplayName("DisplayName LambdaTest")
class JUnit5Test {
    @Test
    @DisplayName("Custom test name")
    void testWithDisplayName() {
    }


    @Test
    @DisplayName("Print test name")
    void printDisplayName(TestInfo testInfo) {
        System.out.println(testInfo.getDisplayName());
    }
}

@BeforeEach :The @BeforeEach annotation signals that the annotated method should run before each test method, similar to JUnit 4’s @Before annotation.

import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;


class JUnit5Test {


    @BeforeEach
    void setUp(TestInfo testInfo) {
        String callingTest = testInfo.getTestMethod().get().getName();
        System.out.println("Initializing for test: " + callingTest);
    }


    @Test
    void firstTest() {
        System.out.println("Executing first test 1");
    }


    @Test
    void secondTest() {
        System.out.println("Executing second test 2");
    }
}

@AfterEach: The @AfterEach annotation indicates that the annotated method should run after each test method, similar to JUnit 4’s @After. This is useful, for instance, if tests require resetting a property after each execution.

import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;


class JUnit5Test {


    @Test
    void firstTest() {
        System.out.println("Executing first test");
    }


    @Test
    void secondTest() {
        System.out.println("Executing second test");
    }


    @AfterEach
    void tearDown(TestInfo testInfo) {
        String callingTest = testInfo.getTestMethod().get().getName();
        System.out.println("Tearing down after test: " + callingTest);
    }
}

In this example, the tearDown() method is annotated with @AfterEach and runs after each test method, providing a way to perform cleanup or reset operations specific to each test.

@BeforeAll: The @Tag annotation allows us to assign tags for filtering tests at the class or method-level filtering tests. It is particularly useful when creating test suites with specific categories of tests.

import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
class JUnit5Test {


    @BeforeAll
    static void setUpAll() {
        System.out.println("Initialization before all tests");
    }
    @Test
    void firstTest() {
        System.out.println("Executing first test");
    }
    @Test
    void secondTest() {
        System.out.println("Executing second test");
    }
}

@AfterAll: The @AfterAll annotation is employed to execute the annotated method after all tests have completed, similar to JUnit 4’s @AfterClass. It is useful for tearing down or terminating processes after executing all tests.

import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
class JUnit5Test {
    @Test
    void firstTest() {
        System.out.println("Executing first test");
    }


    @Test
    void secondTest() {
        System.out.println("Executing second test");
    }
    @AfterAll
    static void tearDownAll() {
        System.out.println("Only run once after all tests");
    }
}

In the above example of this JUnit tutorial, the tearDownAll() method is annotated with @AfterAll and runs once after all tests, providing a mechanism to perform cleanup tasks that are common to all test methods.

@Tag : The @Tag annotation allows us to assign tags for filtering tests at the class or method-level filtering tests. It is particularly useful when creating test suites with specific categories of tests.

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@Tag("smoke")
class JUnit5Test {


    @Test
    @Tag("login")
    void validLoginTest() {
        // Test logic for valid login
    }
    @Test
    @Tag("search")
    void searchTest() {
        // Test logic for search functionality
    }
}

In this example, the JUnit 5 Test class is tagged with smoke, and two test methods (validLoginTest and searchTest) are further tagged with login and search, respectively. This allows for selective execution of tests based on the assigned tags, facilitating the creation of focused test suites.

https://youtu.be/GXI-BxX1C44

@Disabled: The @Disabled annotation disables or skips tests, either at the class or method level, similar to JUnit 4’s @Ignore.

Chaimport org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@Disabled
class DisabledClassDemo {
    @Test
    void testWillBeSkipped() {
        // Test logic to be skipped
    }
}
nge

In this example, the entire class DisabledClassDemo is annotated with @Disabled, causing all @Test methods within the class to be skipped.

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
class DisabledTestsDemo {
    @Disabled
    @Test
    void testWillBeSkipped() {
        // Test logic to be skipped
    }
  @Test
    void testWillBeExecuted() {
        // Test logic to be executed
    }
}

In this example, the testWillBeSkipped method is individually annotated with @Disabled, leading to the exclusion of only that specific test, while testWillBeExecuted remains enabled and will be executed.

JUnit Assertions

JUnit assertions allow developers to validate expected outcomes and behaviors within their Java code. These assertions ensure the correctness of the application’s functionality during testing. With JUnit Assertions, developers can construct robust test suites, enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of their testing processes.

To learn more about JUnit Assertions, follow the complete video tutorial guide, get valuable insights, and learn when and how to use assertions.

https://youtu.be/mkIp_xbbs-w

Step up your game with our python automation testing guide for more efficient coding.

JUnit 4 Assertions

Assertions are a crucial element in Selenium testing , serving as a fundamental component of automated testing. Their primary role is to validate and confirm that the outcome of a specific action or functionality aligns with the expected result post-test execution.

When automating test case scenarios, the ability to ascertain whether tests have passed or failed is essential. This determination is critical to ensuring that the execution of our automation script is in line with anticipated outcomes. To achieve this, assertions are inserted after actions within the code, allowing for comparing actual results against expected results using frameworks like JUnit or other test automation tools.

If the actual results match the expected ones, the assertion is successful, indicating that the test has passed. Conversely, the assertion is marked as a failure if there is a disparity between the actual and expected results.

The incremental outcome of these assertions determines the overall success of a test case within a script. Notably, the JUnit framework provides predefined methods to facilitate effective assertion handling in Selenium Java, simplifying the process of validating test outcomes.

For better understanding, let us look into the JUnit 4 Assertions with examples below.

assertEquals(): The assertEquals method in JUnit compares expected and actual results in automated testing. If the expected result specified by the tester does not align with the actual outcome of the test script post-execution, an assertion error is triggered. This error prompts the termination of the test script at the line where the mismatch occurred.

The syntax for assertEquals()is as follows:

Assert.assertEquals(String expected, String actual);
Assert.assertEquals(String message, String expected, String actual);

On the other hand, the assertFalse() method allows the provision of a parameter value set to true for a specific condition within a method. This functionality is achieved through the JUnit assertTrue() function, which serves two primary purposes:

Providing a condition as a parameter for assertion application.
If a method fails to meet the specified condition, it triggers an AssertionError without a message.

These methods contribute to effective result validation and error handling in automated testing scenarios.These methods contribute to effective result validation and error handling in automated testing scenarios.

assertArrayEquals(): The assertArrayEquals() method in JUnit assesses the equality of two object arrays provided as parameters. In the evaluation, if both arrays contain null values, they are deemed equal. However, if the arrays are not considered equal based on their content, the method triggers an AssertionError accompanied by the specified message.

The syntax for assertArrayEquals() is as follows:

Assert.assertArrayEquals(Object[] expected, Object[] actual);
Assert.assertArrayEquals(String message, Object[] expected, Object[] actual);
);

This method proves useful for comparing arrays and ensuring that their content matches the expected values, facilitating robust assertion handling in automated testing scenarios.

assertNull() : The assertNull() function in JUnit is used to verify whether a provided object contains a null value. If the object holds a null value, the assertNull() function proceeds without issues. However, an assertion error is triggered if the object does not include a null value. Two variations of the method are available, including a custom message in case of assertion failure.

The syntax for assertNull() is as follows:

Assert.assertNull(Object obj);
Assert.assertNull(String msg, Object obj);

assertNotNull() : The assertNotNull() method in JUnit serves the purpose of determining whether the provided object has a non-null value. When an object is passed as a parameter to this method, an assertion error occurs if the object contains null values. Similar to assertNull(), assertNotNull() supports including a custom error message in case of assertion failure.

The syntax for assertNotNull() is as follows:

Assert.assertNotNull(Object obj);
Assert.assertNotNull(String msg, Object obj);

These methods are valuable for effective null value checking and assertion handling in automated testing scenarios.

assertSame() : In Selenium testing, comparing two different objects passed as parameters in a method to determine if they refer to the same object is a common requirement. For this purpose, the JUnit assertSame() method proves useful. An assertion error is triggered if the two objects being compared do not refer to the same object. The method also supports including a custom error message in case of assertion failure.

The syntax for assertSame() is as follows:

Assert.assertSame(Object expected, Object actual);
Assert.assertSame(String message, Object expected, Object actual);

assertNotSame(): The assertNotSame() method in JUnit is utilized to ascertain if the two objects passed as arguments are not equal based on their references. If both objects have the same references, an AssertionError is thrown, along with the provided custom message (if any). Unlike assertSame(), this method compares object references rather than values.

The syntax for assertNotSame() is as follows:

Assert.assertNotSame(Object expected, Object actual);
Assert.assertNotSame(String message, Object expected, Object actual);

assertTrue(): In JUnit, the assertTrue() function is utilized to assert that a given condition is true. This function has two primary uses:
A condition is provided as a parameter for applying the assertion. If the method fails to satisfy this condition, an AssertionError is thrown without a specific message.

The syntax for assertTrue() is as follows:

Assert.assertTrue(boolean condition);

Additionally, the assertTrue() function accepts two parameters. The first parameter specifies the assertion error message, and the second parameter defines the condition against which assertTrue() is applied. If the given condition in the method is false, it throws an AssertionError with the provided message.

The syntax for assertTrue() that accepts two parameters is as follows:

Assert.assertTrue(String message, boolean condition);

assertFalse() : In contrast, the assertFalse() function in JUnit is employed to assert that a given condition is false. Similar to assertTrue(), it has two primary uses:
A condition is provided as a parameter for applying the assertion. If the method fails to satisfy this condition (i.e., the condition is true), an AssertionError is thrown without a specific message.

The syntax for assertFalse() is as follows:

Assert.assertFalse(boolean condition);

The assertFalse() function also accepts two parameters. The first parameter specifies the assertion error message, and the second parameter defines the condition against which assertFalse() is applied. If the given condition in the method is not false, it throws an AssertionError with the provided message.

The syntax for assertFalse() that accepts two parameters is as follows:

Assert.assertFalse(String message, boolean condition);

These functions are crucial for effective assertion handling in automated testing scenarios, allowing for verification of conditions based on true or false outcomes.

fail() : The fail() assertion in JUnit serves the purpose of intentionally causing a test to fail by throwing an AssertionFailedError. This assertion is particularly useful in scenarios where we need to verify the occurrence of a specific exception or deliberately induce a test failure during its development phase.

The syntax for fail() is as follows:

Assert.fail();

The fail() method is invoked without any parameters, and when executed, it immediately triggers the test to fail, resulting in an AssertionFailedError. While intentionally making a test fail may seem counterintuitive, this assertion is valuable for certain testing scenarios, especially during development and debugging.

assertThat() : The assertThat() assertion in JUnit 4 is the only one with a reverse order of parameters compared to other assertions. In this assertion, the syntax includes an optional failure message, followed by the actual value and a Matcher object.

The syntax for assertThat() is as follows:

Assert.assertThat(String message, T actual, Matcher<? super T> matcher);
Assert.assertThat(T actual, Matcher<? super T> matcher);

The first syntax allows the inclusion of an optional failure message, the actual value being tested, and a Matcher object that defines the expected conditions.
The second syntax omits the failure message and directly accepts the actual value and the Matcher object.

The assertThat() assertion is powerful and versatile, enabling more expressive and readable tests using Matcher objects defining success conditions.

JUnit 5 Assertions

JUnit 5 has retained many assertion methods from JUnit 4 and introduced several new ones to leverage Java 8 support. In this version, assertions apply to all primitive types, objects, and arrays, whether they consist of primitives or objects.

A notable change is the reordering of parameters in the assertions, placing the output message parameter as the last. Java 8 support allows the output message to be a Supplier, facilitating lazy evaluation.

Let’s look closer at the assertions with equivalents in JUnit 4:

JUnit 5 has maintained existing assertion methods from JUnit 4.
New methods leverage Java 8 support for enhanced functionality.
Assertions apply to primitive types, objects, and various types of arrays.
The order of parameters in assertions has been changed, with the output message now positioned as the last parameter.
The use of a Supplier for the output message enables lazy evaluation.

These updates in JUnit 5 enhance the flexibility and readability of assertions in test cases. Let us look at some JUnit 5 Asserestion below with examples for better understanding.

assertIterableEquals() : The assertIterableEquals() method in JUnit 5 verifies that the expected and actual iterables are deeply equal. For equality, both iterables must have identical elements in the same order. It’s important to note that the two iterables don’t necessarily need to be of the same type to be considered equal.

The syntax for assertIterableEquals() is as follows:

assertIterableEquals(Iterable<?> expected, Iterable<?> actual);
assertIterableEquals(String message, Iterable<?> expected, Iterable<?> actual);

Example

In the provided example, the test method iterableEqualsPositive() demonstrates the assertion using two iterables. The number of elements and their sequence in both iterables are in the same order. Additionally, the iterables are of different types — one being an ArrayList and the other a LinkedList.

@Test
void iterableEqualsPositive() {
Iterable<String> iterat1 = new ArrayList<>(asList("Java", "Junit", "Test"));
Iterable<String> iterat2 = new LinkedList<>(asList("Java", "Junit", "Test"));

assertIterableEquals(iterat1, iterat2);
}

In this example, the assertion passes successfully as the sequence and number of elements in both iterables are identical, fulfilling the criteria for deep equality. This flexibility in handling iterables of different types enhances the utility of assertIterableEquals() in various testing scenarios.

assertLinesMatch() : The assertLinesMatch() assertion in JUnit 5 is used to verify that the expected list of Strings matches the actual list of Strings. Unlike assertions primarily using String.equals(Object), this method uses a staged matching algorithm.

Here is how the algorithm works for each pair of expected and actual lines:

Check if expected.equals(actual); if true, continue with the next pair.
If not, treat expected as a regular expression and check using String.matches(String); if true, continue with the next pair.
If neither of the above conditions is met, check if expected is a fast-forward marker. If yes, apply it to fast-forward actual lines accordingly and repeat the process.

The syntax for assertLinesMatch() is as follows:

assertLinesMatch(List<String> expected, List<String> actual);

Example

In the provided example, the assertLinesMatch assertion is demonstrated. The expected list contains a regular expression that matches the elements of the actual list.

@Test
void linesMatchExample() {
List<String> expected = Arrays.asList("apple", "banana", ".*");
List<String> actual = Arrays.asList("apple", "banana", "orange");


assertLinesMatch(expected, actual);
}

In this example, the assertion passes successfully as the regular expression in the expected list matches the corresponding elements in the actual list. The staged matching algorithm provides flexibility, allowing for various comparison scenarios in string lists.

assertThrows() : The assertThrows() assertion in JUnit 5 provides a straightforward method for asserting whether an executable (such as a lambda expression or method reference) throws a specified exception type.

The syntax for assertThrows() in JUnit 5 is as follows:

assertThrows(Class<? extends Throwable> expectedType, Executable executable);

Example

In the following example, the assertion is used to test if the length of a null string (arr) throws a NullPointerException.

@Test
void exceptionTestingPositive() {
String arr = null;
Exception exception = assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> arr.length());
assertEquals(null, exception.getMessage());
}

assertTimeout() : The assertTimeout() assertion in JUnit 5 is used to validate that the execution of a supplied executable completes within a specified timeout duration. This is particularly useful to ensure that a certain operation finishes within a given timeframe.

The syntax for assertTimeout() in JUnit 5 is as follows:

assertTimeout(Duration timeout, Executable executable);

Example

In the following example, assertTimeout() is set to 2 seconds, indicating that the assertion should be completed within this time frame. The test scenario involves waiting for 1 second and then performing the assertion.

@Test
void assertTimeoutPositive() {
int a = 4;
int b = 5;


assertTimeout(
ofSeconds(2),
() -> {
// code that should complete within 2 seconds
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
);


assertEquals(9, (a + b));
}

assertTimeoutPreemptively() : The assertTimeoutPreemptively() assertion in JUnit 5 is similar to assertTimeout(), providing a means to assert that the execution of a supplied executable completes within a specified timeout. The key distinction lies in the execution environment; with assertTimeoutPreemptively(), the executable runs in a separate thread, unlike assertTimeout(), which runs in the same thread as the calling code.

The syntax for assertTimeoutPreemptively() in JUnit 5 is as follows:

assertTimeoutPreemptively(Duration timeout, Executable executable);

Example

In the provided JUnit 5 test method, assertPreemptiveTimeoutNegative(), the objective is to demonstrate the use of assertTimeoutPreemptively() by intentionally causing a test failure due to a timeout.

@Test
void assertPreemptiveTimeoutNegative() {
int a = 4;
int b= 5;
assertTimeoutPreemptively(
ofSeconds(2),
() -> {
// code that requires less then 2 seconds to execute
Thread.sleep(5000);
assertEquals(9, (a + b));
}
);
}

The crucial difference from assertTimeout() is that assertTimeoutPreemptively() executes the executable in a separate thread and preemptively aborts its execution if the specified timeout is exceeded. In contrast, assertTimeout() allows the executable to continue running even if the timeout is surpassed, potentially affecting the subsequent code.

Parameterized Tests

A parameterized test in JUnit is a test method where the test data is sourced from parameters rather than being hardcoded. This is achieved through special annotations that allow passing a set of values to the test method. When executed, JUnit runs the test for each set of data the method provides.

https://youtu.be/bNpzXgUDEr4

Parameterized Test in JUnit 4

Here are two practical approaches to using JUnit Parameterized Tests.

Parameterization using @Parameters annotation: It enables you to pass test data to your Selenium script as a Java collection. If the data changes, all you have to do is modify the collection with the new data.
Parameterization using Excel: It allows you to import data from an external file into Selenium test automation scripts regardless of the number.

There are also some benefits of adapting to JUnit parameterized tests, some of which are listed below.

Simplified and Readable Test Code: Using parameters results in cleaner and more readable test code. Instead of hardcoded values, well-named parameters enhance the clarity of the test method.
Reduced Test Duplication: This allows a single method to serve as the foundation for multiple tests and helps reduce redundancy in test code, as the same method can be reused for different data sets.
Enhanced Test Coverage: This makes adding new data sets easier, encouraging more comprehensive test coverage. The process is less complex compare to creating entirely new test methods.

Adopting parameterized tests aligns with the separation of concerns, resulting in more maintainable and efficient test suites. This approach simplifies the test code, improving test coverage and reducing duplication.

Parameterized Test in JUnit 5

Parameterized tests in JUnit 5 enable the execution of a single test method multiple times with various arguments, facilitating the testing of methods with different input values or combinations.

Passing One Argument: This utilizes the @ValueSource annotation with an array of single values for testing a function that checks if a given number is odd. The test is run for each specified value.

@ParameterizedTest
@ValueSource(ints = {3, 9, 77, 191})
void testIfNumbersAreOdd(int number) {
assertTrue(calculator.isOdd(number), "Check: " + number);
}

Passing Multiple Arguments: The @CsvSource annotation takes a comma-separated list of arguments, executing the test method for each row representing a set of inputs.

@ParameterizedTest
@CsvSource({"3,4", "4,14", "15,-2"})
void testMultiplication(int value1, int value2) {
assertEquals(value1 * value2, calculator.multiply(value1, value2));
}

Passing null and Empty Values: Use @NullSource for a single null argument and @EmptySource for an empty string argument. Combine both with @NullAndEmptySource for both null and empty arguments.
Passing Enums: With @EnumSource, execute the test method for each specified enum constant. Customize the list of constants using attributes like names and modes.

enum Color {
RED, GREEN, BLUE
}
@ParameterizedTest
@EnumSource(Color.class)
void testWithEnum(Color color) {
assertNotNull(color);
}

Passing Arguments from File: This utilizes @CsvFileSource to specify a CSV file as an argument source for the test method. Values from the file are treated as strings and may require conversion.

//    Contents of the .csv file
//    src/test/resources/test-data.csv
//    10, 2, 12
//    14, 3, 17
//    5, 3, 8


@ParameterizedTest
@CsvFileSource(resources = "/your-file-name.csv")
void testWithCsvFileSource(String input1, String input2, String expected) {
int iInput1 = Integer.parseInt(input1);
int iInput2 = Integer.parseInt(input2);
int iExpected = Integer.parseInt(expected);
assertEquals(iExpected, calculator.add(iInput1, iInput2));
}

Passing Values from a Method: This makes use of @MethodSource to specify a method as a source of arguments. Useful for generating test cases based on a custom algorithm or data structure.

static Stream<Arguments> generateTestCases() {
return Stream.of(
Arguments.of(101, true),
Arguments.of(27, false),
Arguments.of(34143, true),
Arguments.of(40, false)
);
}
@ParameterizedTest
@MethodSource("generateTestCases")
void testWithMethodSource(int input, boolean expected) {
// the isPalindrome(int number) method checks if the given
// input is palindrome or not
assertEquals(expected, calculator.isPalindrome(input));
}

Custom Arguments: This allows you to implement a custom argument provider using @ArgumentsSource. The provider class must implement the ArgumentsProvider interface.

static class StringArgumentsProvider implements ArgumentsProvider {
String[] fruits = {"Grape", "mango", "Papaya"};

@Override
public Stream<? extends Arguments> provideArguments(ExtensionContext extensionContext) throws Exception {
return Stream.of(fruits).map(Arguments::of);
}
}

@ParameterizedTest
@ArgumentsSource(StringArgumentsProvider.class)
void testWithCustomArgumentsProvider(String fruit) {
assertNotNull(fruit);
}

Nested Tests: This helps in organizing the tests hierarchically with nested test classes using @Nested. Each nested class can have its setup, teardown, and tests.

class ExampleTest {

@BeforeEach
void setup1() {}

@Test
void test1() {}

@Nested
class NestedTest {

@BeforeEach
void setup2() {}


@Test
void test2() {}


@Test
void test3() {}
}
}

Explore further insights into JUnit 5 nested tests by referring to this dedicated guide on nested tests in JUnit 5 . Learn about the challenges and benefits of organizing tests hierarchically for an enhanced understanding of this testing approach .

Top Java Unit Testing Frameworks

In this section of the JUnit tutorial, we’ll explore alternative Java-based unit testing frameworks that complement JUnit for testing dynamic and scalable web applications.

Java has consistently been the preferred language for testing web applications, offering developers the flexibility to deliver high-quality web apps. Below are some noteworthy unit testing frameworks designed for Java automation testing of websites and web applications.

TestNG

TestNG is a rapid and highly adaptable test automation framework positioned as a next-generation alternative to JUnit. Its widespread adoption among Java developers and testers is attributed to its comprehensive features and capabilities.

Unlike older frameworks, it eliminates numerous limitations, empowering developers with the flexibility to create potent and adaptable tests. This is facilitated through straightforward annotations, grouping, sequencing, and parameterization. These attributes collectively contribute to TestNG being recognized as one of the best test automation frameworks.

Some of the key features of TestNG are as follows.

Grouping: It categorizes test methods for organized test execution based on criteria like functional areas or priority levels.
Parallel Execution: Its built-in support for concurrent test execution, optimizing performance with multi-core processors.
Data-Driven Testing: It reads test data from various sources, enabling efficient test generation and execution with multiple datasets.
Listener Mechanism: This is a powerful listener mechanism for custom responses to test execution events, facilitating report generation, logging, and environment setup.
Dependency Management: It specifies dependencies between test methods, ensuring logical execution and maintaining scenario integrity.

Selecting the appropriate automation testing framework can be challenging, especially when deciding between TestNG and JUnit. This JUnit tutorial compares JUnit 5 vs TestNG , which will help you make an informed choice based on your test automation requirements.

Selenide

Selenide is primarily designed for web UI automation rather than unit testing. It is a Java-based framework built on top of Selenium WebDriver, and its main focus is to simplify and enhance the interaction with web browsers for automated testing of web applications.

While Selenide is not specifically designed for unit testing, it is widely used for end-to-end integration and functional testing of web applications. It provides a convenient API for writing expressive and readable tests, automating tasks like navigating web pages, interacting with elements, and validating expected behaviors.

Some of the key features of Selenide are as follows.

Fluent API for Readable Tests: It offers a fluent API, enabling the creation of readable and concise tests with chained commands for complex actions on web pages.
Natural Language Assertions: It provides natural language assertions, allowing easy verification of page states by writing assertions in plain English, automatically converted to appropriate Selenium commands.
Automatic AJAX Handling: It seamlessly detects and manages AJAX requests, simplifying testing for applications relying on asynchronous data loading.
Stability and Reliability: It is designed for stability, and it handles common testing challenges, such as stale element exceptions and timeouts, ensuring reliable test execution.

Gauge

Gauge is not specifically designed for unit testing. While Gauge primarily focuses on acceptance testing, it is open-source with a modular architecture. Gauge provides robust support for multiple programming languages. Noteworthy is its utilization of markdown as the testing language, ensuring readability and ease of writing. The framework’s compatibility with VS Code enhances the development experience, making Gauge an excellent choice for streamlined and efficient acceptance testing practices.

Some of the key features of Gauge are as follows.

Readability with Markdown: This framework leverages markdown, ensuring test readability compared to traditional programming languages.
Multi-language Support: It supports JavaScript, Java, C#, Python, and Ruby; Gauge facilitates test creation in multiple programming languages
Extensibility with Plugins: It boasts a diverse range of plugins, enriching the framework’s functionality and adaptability.
Built-in Parallelization Support: Users of this framework benefit from built-in support for parallelization, enabling the creation of scalable and efficient tests.

Serenity BDD

Serenity, or Serenity BDD, is an open-source framework for creating regression and acceptance tests. Its unparalleled strength lies in its comprehensive and informative reports, offering detailed insights into test outcomes, satisfied requirements, and overall test status.

Primarily Java-based, Serenity extends its reach to front-end developers with SerenityJS, serving a broader spectrum of testing needs. With its emphasis on detailed reporting and support for back-end and front-end testing, Serenity emerges as a formidable and versatile test automation framework.

Some of the key features of Serenity are as follows.

Built-in Selenium Integration: It seamlessly integrates with existing frameworks, offering built-in support for web testing through Selenium, enhancing the ease of testing.
RestAssured Integration for API Testing: Its RestAssured support empowers effective REST API testing, providing a robust solution for verifying backend functionalities.
Screenplay Pattern for Maintainable Tests: It adopts the screenplay pattern, promoting the creation of maintainable tests with a clear and structured approach.
Parallel Testing Support: It ensures efficiency by providing native support for parallel testing, allowing simultaneous execution of tests for accelerated results.

Cucumber

Cucumber is a test automation framework that employs Behavior Driven Development (BDD) language for creating tests. Its unique feature is creating tests in a human-readable format resembling English sentences, promoting enhanced readability and understanding without relying on technical syntax or commands.

Following the principles of BDD, tests are expressed in plain English sentences and converted into underlying code. Cucumber’s widespread use across various programming languages and recognition as a leading automation testing framework highlight its versatility. Cucumber has gained significant popularity among TypeScript and JavaScript developers, underscoring its broad appeal within the testing community.

Some of the key features of Cucumber are as follows.

Collaborative Test Writing: It facilitates collaboration by allowing tests to be written in plain language, promoting communication between technical and non-technical team members.
Modular and Maintainable Scripts: It enhances maintainability with modular test scripts, facilitating the reuse of step definitions for different scenarios.
Seamless CI/CD Integration: It streamlines testing in the development pipeline by seamlessly integrating Cucumber with CI/CD tools, automating the process.
Parallel Testing Support: It ensures efficiency by providing native support for parallel testing, allowing simultaneous execution of tests for accelerated results.

Geb

Geb is a robust web test automation framework. Its versatility makes it suitable for testing a diverse range of web applications. With Geb, users benefit from various features that simplify the process of writing, executing, and maintaining web tests, contributing to an efficient and flexible testing experience.

Some of the key features of Geb are as follows.

Intuitive API: It provides an intuitive and straightforward API, simplifying writing web tests.
Flexibility: Known for its flexibility, this framework excels in testing diverse web applications, including single-page and JavaScript framework-based applications like Angular and React.
Powerful Features: It empowers users with robust features, including page objects, data-driven testing, and custom assertions, facilitating the creation of complex web tests.
Groovy Integration: Integrated with Groovy, It allows for creating concise and expressive tests, enhancing the testing experience.

Explore various automation testing frameworks to find the one that suits your project needs. Referring to this guide on the best test automation frameworks provides valuable insights for an informed selection process.

When using JUnit, you can dynamically add dependencies via Maven or the respective dependencies as ‘local dependencies’ (or External Libraries). In addition, you can use JUnit with both a local Selenium Grid and an online Selenium Grid by using any cloud-based platform like LambdaTest.

In the upcoming section of this JUnit tutorial, we will delve into a step-by-step guide on setting up the JUnit environment.

Setting up the JUnit Environment

In this section of this JUnit tutorial, we will guide you through the download, installation, and setup of JUnit. If you are new to JUnit testing or implementing it in Java, the initial prerequisite is to install the Java Development Kit (JDK) on your system. Let’s start with the necessary steps.

Install Java
Setup JUnit Environment
Setup Environment Variables for JUnit
Setup CLASSPATH Variable for JUnit

Install Java

To begin, the Java Development Kit (JDK) enables you to develop and execute Java programs. While multiple JDK versions can coexist on a machine, it is advisable to utilize the latest version. Let’s explore the process of installing Java on Windows, a crucial step in establishing the JUnit environment for automation testing.

Step 1: Go to the Java SE (Standard Edition) page and click on JDK Download.

Step 2: Double-click the .exe file to install Java on the system.

Step 3: Upon installation of Java, add the installation location to the environment variables PATH and CLASSPATH.

Step 4: Add the location of /bin to the environment variable PATH. To do so, click on New.

Step 5: Add the Variable name as JAVA_HOME and the Variable value as the location of your /bin file and click OK.

Step 6: To verify the installation of Java on the machine. Run the command java-version to verify the same.

Setup JUnit Environment

To set up the JUnit environment you need to follow the steps mentioned below

Step 1: Visit the JUnit official site and click on ‘Download and install’.

Step 2: Navigate to junit.jar to access the Maven Central repository, where you can download the JUnit jar file.

Step 3: Click on the latest version of JUnit from the list of versions available.

Step 4: The JUnit Jar file gets downloaded to your local machine.

That is all; you have Java and JUnit in your local system. Now, it’s time to set up the environment variables for JUnit and CLASSPATH variables for JUnit.

To do so, follow this JUnit tutorial on how to set up the JUnit environment and get a step-by-step guide on how to step up the variables for JUnit. It will also guide you on installing popular IDEs like Eclipse and IntelliJ.

To get more information on how to use Eclipse or IntelliJ IDEA, follow this complete video tutorial on how to install and set up JUnit with IntelliJ IDEA.

{% youtube cggWYDNDrAw %}

That is all; you have Java and JUnit in your local system. Now, it’s time to set up the environment variables for JUnit and CLASSPATH variables for JUnit.

To get more information on how to use Eclipse or IntelliJ IDEA, follow this complete video tutorial on how to install and set up JUnit with IntelliJ IDEA.

Automation Testing With JUnit and Selenium

Widely preferred is the use of Selenium with JUnit for testing web applications over a cloud platform, owing to Selenium’s adaptability in executing scripts across diverse browsers and platforms, supporting various programming languages. Consider leveraging LambdaTest, a robust cloud-based platform, to enhance this approach further.

LambdaTest is an AI-powered test orchestration and execution platform that lets you run manual and automated tests at scale with over 3000+ real devices, browsers, and OS combinations. This integration allows for efficient testing in a cloud environment, offering benefits such as scalability and parallel test execution, ultimately contributing to an optimized and streamlined testing process.

To begin automation testing with JUnit and Selenium, follow instructions for smooth test execution.

Download JUnit Jars.
Add Jars to your Selenium project.
Integrate JUnit annotations and methods into your Selenium test scripts.

These steps guide you through downloading essential libraries, adding Jars files to your Selenium project, and more. Follow this complete guide to get started with JUnit automation testing with Selenium. In this JUnit tutorial, you will learn every step to help you achieve automation testing with JUnit and Selenium on a cloud platform such as LambdaTest, a smart choice for improved testing and broader test coverage.

In the below section of the JUnit tutorial, let us learn how to perform parallel testing with JUnit in detail.

How to Perform Parallel Testing with JUnit?

Parallel test execution significantly impacts the speed of test execution in Selenium. Serial execution remains effective when dealing with a few browser and OS combinations. However, for a rapid test execution process, especially in the early stages of Quality Assurance testing, leveraging parallel execution becomes crucial.

https://youtu.be/IBWJCk2SHYk

You can also subscribe to the LambdaTest YouTube Channel and stay updated with the latest tutorials and updates on web application testing, selenium testing, playwright testing, and more.

While local Selenium Grid enables parallel testing with Selenium, they might not be practical for extensive testing across various browsers, operating systems, and device combinations.

In such cases, opting for a cloud-based Selenium Grid like LambdaTest proves highly advantageous. It facilitates faster parallel test execution by harnessing the advantages of the Selenium Grid.

To start with LambdaTest, you must first create an account on LambdaTest. To do so, follow the given instructions below.

Step 1: Create a LambdaTest account.

Step 2: Get your Username and Access Key by going to your Profile avatar from the LambdaTest dashboard and selecting Account Settings from the list of options.

Step 3: Copy your Username and Access Key from the Password & Security tab.

Step 4: Generate Capabilities containing details like your desired browser and its various operating systems and get your configuration details on LambdaTest Capabilities Generator.

Step 5: Now that you have both the Username, Access key, and capabilities copied, all you need to do is paste it into your test script as shown below.

Now that you have collected all the necessary data, the next step is to integrate the LambdaTest credentials into the testing script. However, before proceeding, it’s crucial to outline the test scenario to guide us through the automation on the LambdaTest Selenium Grid for parallel test execution.

Test Scenario:

Below is the code demonstration for the test scenario running JUnit 5 tests on a cloud-based Selenium Grid using LambdaTest:

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public class RunningTestsInParallelInGrid {
String username = "YOUR_USERNAME"; //Enter your username
String accesskey = "YOUR_ACCESS_KEY"; //Enter your accesskey
static RemoteWebDriver driver = null;
String gridURL = "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub";
String urlToTest = "https://www.lambdatest.com/";
@BeforeAll
public static void start() {
System.out.println("=======Running junit 5 tests in parallel in LambdaTest Grid has started========");
}
@BeforeEach
public void setup() {
System.out.println("Setting up the drivers and browsers");
DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("browserName", "chrome");   //To specify the browser
capabilities.setCapability("version", "70.0");    //To specify the browser version
capabilities.setCapability("platform", "win10");      // To specify the OS
capabilities.setCapability("build", "Running_ParallelJunit5Tests_In_Grid");               //To identify the test
capabilities.setCapability("name", "Parallel_JUnit5Tests");
capabilities.setCapability("network", true);      // To enable network logs
capabilities.setCapability("visual", true);          // To enable step by step screenshot
capabilities.setCapability("video", true);       // To enable video recording
capabilities.setCapability("console", true);         // To capture console logs
try {
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("https://" + username + ":" + accesskey + gridURL), capabilities);
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
System.out.println("Invalid grid URL");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
@Test
@DisplayName("Title_Test")
@Tag("Sanity")
public void launchAndVerifyTitle_Test() {
String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
.getStackTrace()[1]
.getMethodName();
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
driver.get(urlToTest);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
String actualTitle = driver.getTitle();
System.out.println("The page title is "+actualTitle);
String expectedTitle ="Most Powerful Cross Browser Testing Tool Online | LambdaTest";
System.out.println("Verifying the title of the webpage started");
Assertions.assertEquals(expectedTitle, actualTitle);
System.out.println("The webpage has been launched and the title of the webpage has been veriified successfully");
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
}
@Test
@DisplayName("Login_Test")
@Tag("Sanity")
public void login_Test() {
String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
.getStackTrace()[1]
.getMethodName();
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
driver.get(urlToTest);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
WebElement login = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[text()='Login']"));
login.click();
WebElement username = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name="email"]"));
WebElement password = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name="password"]"));
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,20);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOf(username));
username.clear();
username.sendKeys("acvdd@gmail.com");
password.clear();
password.sendKeys("abc@123");
WebElement loginButton = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[text()='Login']"));
loginButton.click();
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
String actual = driver.getTitle();
String expected = "Welcome - LambdaTest";
Assertions.assertEquals(expected, actual);
System.out.println("The user has been successfully logged in");
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
}
@Test
@DisplayName("Logo_Test")
public void logo_Test() {
String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
.getStackTrace()[1]
.getMethodName();
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
driver.get(urlToTest);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
System.out.println("Verifying of webpage logo started..");
WebElement logo = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id="header"]/nav/div/div/div[1]/div/a/img"));
boolean is_logo_present = logo.isDisplayed();
if(is_logo_present) {
System.out.println("The logo of LambdaTest is displayed");
}
else {
Assertions.assertFalse(is_logo_present,"Logo is not present");
}
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
}
@Test
@DisplayName("Blog_Test")
public void blogPage_Test() {
String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
.getStackTrace()[1]
.getMethodName();
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
driver.get(urlToTest);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
WebElement resources = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[text()='Resources ']"));
List<WebElement> options_under_resources = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//*[text()='Resources ']/../ul/a"));
boolean flag = resources.isDisplayed();
if(flag) {
System.out.println("Resources header is visible in the webpage");
Actions action = new Actions(driver);
action.moveToElement(resources).build().perform();
WebDriverWait wait=new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfAllElements(options_under_resources));
for(WebElement element : options_under_resources) {
if(element.getText().equals("Blog")){
System.out.println("Clicking Blog option has started");
element.click();
System.out.println("Clicking Blog option has ended");
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(20,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Assertions.assertEquals("LambdaTest Blogs", driver.getTitle());
break;
}
else
Assertions.fail("Blogs option is not available");
}
}
else {
Assertions.fail("Resources header is not visible");
}
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
}
@Test
@DisplayName("Cerification_Test")
public void certificationPage_Test() {
String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
.getStackTrace()[1]
.getMethodName();
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
driver.get(urlToTest);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
WebElement resources = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[text()='Resources ']"));
List<WebElement> options_under_resources = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//*[text()='Resources ']/../ul/a"));
boolean flag = resources.isDisplayed();
if(flag) {
System.out.println("Resources header is visible in the webpage");
Actions action = new Actions(driver);
action.moveToElement(resources).build().perform();
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfAllElements(options_under_resources));
for (int i = 0; i < options_under_resources.size(); i++) {
String value = options_under_resources.get(i).getText();
if (value.equals("Certifications")) {
System.out.println("Clicking Certifications option has started");
action.moveToElement(options_under_resources.get(i)).build().perform();
options_under_resources.get(i).click();
System.out.println("Clicking Certifications option has ended");
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
String expectedCertificationPageTitle = "LambdaTest Selenium Certifications - Best Certifications For Automation Testing Professionals";
String actualCertificationPageTitle = driver.getTitle();
Assertions.assertEquals(expectedCertificationPageTitle, actualCertificationPageTitle);
break;
}
}
}
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
}
@Test
@DisplayName("Support_Test")
public void supportPage_Test() {
String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
.getStackTrace()[1]
.getMethodName();
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
driver.get(urlToTest);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
WebElement supportHeader = driver.findElement(By.xpath("(//div//*[text()='Support'])[1]"));
boolean flag = supportHeader.isDisplayed();
if(flag) {
System.out.println("support header is visible in the webpage");
supportHeader.click();
}
else {
Assertions.fail("support header is not visible");
}
System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
System.out.println("Quitting the browsers has started");
driver.quit();
System.out.println("Quitting the browsers has ended");
}
@AfterAll
public static void end() {
System.out.println("Tests ended");
}
}

Shown below is the execution snapshot, which indicates that the tests are executing in parallel:

To verify the test execution status, simply go to the LambdaTest automation dashboard. There, you can review the test execution status and even watch a video recording of the test process.

Please refer to our JUnit tutorial on parallel testing with JUnit and Selenium to learn more.

Advanced Use Cases for JUnit Testing

In this section of the JUnit tutorial, you will learn more about the JUnit testing frameworks by deep diving into the use cases for JUnit.

Running JUnit Tests In Jupiter

In this JUnit tutorial, we will explore JUnit testing in Jupiter with practical code implementations. We’ll delve into creating and executing JUnit tests using JavaScript, providing hands-on examples to demonstrate the key concepts.

The Jupiter sub-project serves as a TestEngine designed for executing Jupiter-based tests on the platform. Additionally, it establishes the TestEngine API, facilitating the development of new testing frameworks compatible with the platform. The Jupiter programming model draws inspiration from JUnit 4’s annotations and conventions for structuring test code.

To understand this better we will look at a use case by following the below test scenario.

Test Scenario:

Below is the code for the above test scenario.

package demo;


import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;


import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;


@TestMethodOrder(MethodOrderer.OrderAnnotation.class)
public class RunTestsInCloud {


    String username = "YOUR_USERNAME"; //Enter your username
    String accesskey = "YOUR_ACCESSKEY"; //Enter your accesskey


    static RemoteWebDriver driver = null;
    String gridURL = "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub";
    String urlToTest = "https://www.lambdatest.com;


    @BeforeAll
    public static void start() {
        System.out.println("=======Starting junit 5 tests in LambdaTest Grid========");
    }


    @BeforeEach
    public void setup() {
        System.out.println("Setting up the drivers and browsers");


ChromeOptions browserOptions = new ChromeOptions();
browserOptions.setPlatformName("Windows 10"); // To specify the OS
browserOptions.setBrowserVersion("121.0"); //To specify the browser version
HashMap<String, Object> ltOptions = new HashMap<String, Object>();
ltOptions.put("username", "YOUR_LT_USERNAME");
ltOptions.put("accessKey", "YOUR_LT_ACCESS_KEY");
ltOptions.put("project", "YOUR_PROJECT");
ltOptions.put("selenium_version", "4.0.0"); //To specify the Selenium version
ltOptions.put("build", "Running_Junit5Tests_In_Grid") //To identify the test
ltOptions.put("name", "JUnit5Tests"); 
ltOptions.put("console", "true");     // To capture console logs
ltOptions.put("visual", true);  // To enable step by step screenshot
ltOptions.put("network", true); // To enable network logs
ltOptions.put("visual", true); // To enable video recording
ltOptions.put("w3c", true);
browserOptions.setCapability("LT:Options", ltOptions);
        try {
            driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("https://" + username + ":" + accesskey + gridURL), capabilities);
        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
            System.out.println("Invalid grid URL");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println(e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    /*To test the tabs available in the main page like Resources,Documentation,login etc */
    @Test
    @DisplayName("HeaderTabs_Test")
    @Tag("Smoke")
    @Order(1)
    public void headers_Test() {
        String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
                .getStackTrace()[1]
                .getMethodName();
        System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
        System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
        driver.get(urlToTest);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);


        List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//*[contains(@class,'md:text-right')]/a"));
        List<String> actualList = new ArrayList<>();
        for(WebElement ele :elements){
            actualList.add(ele.getText());
        }


        System.out.println("Actual elements : "+actualList);
        List<String> expectedList = Arrays.asList("Platform","Enterprise","Resources","Developers","Pricing","Login",”Book a Demo”, “Get Started Free);
        System.out.println("Expected elements : "+expectedList);


        boolean boolval = actualList.equals(expectedList);
        System.out.println(boolval);
        Assertions.assertTrue(boolval);
        System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
    }


    @Test
    @DisplayName("LTBrowser_Test")
    @Tag("Smoke")
    @Order(2)
    public void click_LTBrowser_Test() {
        String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
                .getStackTrace()[1]
                .getMethodName();
        System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
        System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
        driver.get(urlToTest);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[text()='Login']")).click();
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name="email"]")).sendKeys("example@example.com");
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name="password"]")).sendKeys("Demo@123");
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[text()='Login']")).click();
        driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS);


        List <WebElement> options = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//div[contains(@class,'aside__menu__item')]//a"));
        for(WebElement ele : options){
            if(ele.getText().equals("LT Browser")) {
                ele.click();
                break;
            }


        }
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(20,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
        String actualText = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='lt__demo__box__title']")).getText();
        String expectedText = "LT Browser 2.0 Best Browser For Developers";
        Assertions.assertEquals(expectedText, actualText);
        System.out.println("The user has been successfully navigated to LT browser page");
        System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
    }






    @Test()
    @DisplayName("editProfile_Test")
    @Order(3)
    public void editProfile_Test() {
        String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
                .getStackTrace()[1]
                .getMethodName();
        System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
        System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
        driver.get(urlToTest);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[text()='Login']")).click();
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name="email"]")).sendKeys("example@example.com");
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name="password"]")).sendKeys("Demo@123");
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[text()='Login']")).click();
        driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS);


        driver.findElement(By.id("profile__dropdown")).click();


        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='profile__dropdown__item']")).click();


        String actualTitle = driver.getTitle();
        Assertions.assertEquals(actualTitle,"Account Settings");
        System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
    }
    @Test
    @DisplayName("ResourcesOption_Test")
    @Order(4)
    public void getListOfOptionsUnderResourcesTab() {
        String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
                .getStackTrace()[1]
                .getMethodName();
        System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
        System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
        driver.get(urlToTest);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
        WebElement resources = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[text()='Resources ']"));
        List<WebElement> options_under_resources = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//*[text()='Resources ']/../ul/a"));
        boolean flag = resources.isDisplayed();
        if(flag) {
            System.out.println("Resources header is visible in the webpage");
            Actions action = new Actions(driver);
            action.moveToElement(resources).build().perform();
            WebDriverWait wait=new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
            wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfAllElements(options_under_resources));
            List<String> options = new ArrayList<>();
            for(WebElement element : options_under_resources) {
                options.add(element.getText());
            }
            System.out.println(options);
            List<String> list = Arrays.asList("Blog", "Webinars”, Certifications", "Learning Hub", "Certifications", "Videos", "Newsletter", "LambdaTest for Community", "Customer Stories");
            boolean boolval = list.equals(options);
            System.out.println(boolval);
            Assertions.assertTrue(boolval);
        }
        else {
            Assertions.fail("Resources header is not visible");
        }
        System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
    }


    @AfterEach
    public void tearDown() {
        System.out.println("Quitting the browsers has started");
        driver.quit();
        System.out.println("Quitting the browsers has ended");


    }


    @AfterAll
    public static void end() {
        System.out.println("Tests ended");


    }


}

You can view the complete JUnit Jupiter tutorial. Jupiter delves into Jupiter’s fundamentals, unit testing capabilities, and how to run JUnit tests in Jupiter.

Running JUnit Selenium Tests using TestNG

Before we jump into running test cases using JUnit and TestNG in Selenium test automation, let’s first understand why we would choose this approach. This JUnit tutorial aims to explain the reasons behind using JUnit and TestNG for efficient Selenium test automation.

The primary purpose lies in the extensive capabilities offered by TestNG over JUnit. Although TestNG entered the scene later than JUnit, it introduced numerous features that enhanced the test execution process. These features include improved manageability of test execution, more flexible annotations, and additional functionalities that contribute to a robust testing framework.

Let’s briefly examine the comparison between TestNG and JUnit:

Annotations: TestNG provides a more extensive set of annotations, offering greater flexibility in managing automation test cases compared to JUnit. While JUnit 5 has introduced new annotations to enhance flexibility, the full extent of its capabilities is still under scrutiny.
Grouping of Test Cases: TestNG supports grouping test cases, allowing you to run specific sets of tests. This is achieved by using the ‘groups’ parameter in the @Test annotation. The same groups can be specified in the testng.xml file to run desired sets of tests selectively.
Parallel Test Case Execution: TestNG supports parallel execution of test cases using multiple threads and classes. This is facilitated by the parallel keyword in the testng.xml configuration file. On the other hand, JUnit 5 has introduced parallel execution in experimental mode, allowing parallel threads to be run for each test method.

Example configuration for JUnit 5 parallel execution:

junit.jupiter.execution.parallel.enabled = true
junit.jupiter.execution.parallel.mode.default = concurrent

The concurrent mode specifies parallel threads for each test method, and the default mode uses a single thread for all methods. However, it’s important to note that parallel test execution in TestNG is often preferred for its efficiency in delivering faster test results.

Test Dependency: Test case dependency is often managed using the dependsOnMethods parameter within the @Test annotation. This parameter allows the specification of a dependent method or a group of methods, typically utilized in situations where the output of one test method influences another.

Despite its functionality, incorporating dependent tests is generally discouraged in Selenium automation testing. Therefore, it is advisable to adhere to established Selenium best practices to maximize the effectiveness of the test automation framework. In Selenium automation, maintaining independence among test cases is crucial for optimal framework performance and ease of maintenance.

To understand and learn how to execute parallel tests in TestNG, follow the video guide and get complete insights.

https://youtu.be/ZGO-p-epcaU

Parallel testing in Selenium provides an accelerated approach to achieving comprehensive test coverage. While JUnit may not inherently support parallel test execution, certain methods can be employed to achieve this, a topic we will explore in this section of this JUnit tutorial.

Utilizing TestNG in conjunction with a cloud-based remote Selenium Grid proves advantageous to enhance the efficiency of executing JUnit test cases. Executing test cases using JUnit and TestNG in Selenium aligns with the earlier discussion. However, leveraging a cloud-based Selenium Grid ensures a secure, fast, and stable environment for test execution.

To illustrate the execution of JUnit tests using TestNG on a cloud Selenium Grid, consider the following test scenario:

Test Scenario:

We execute the same test on various browser and platform combinations to showcase parallel testing capabilities with JUnit and TestNG using the Selenium cloud grid.

Below is the code for the above test scenario.

package Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.Platform;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.RepeatedTest;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;




@RunWith(Parallelized.class)
public class JunitParallelExecutionDemo {
   public static String username = "YOUR_LT_USERNAME";
   public static String accessKey = "YOUR_LT_ACCESS_KEY";
   public String gridURL = "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub";
   public String platform;
   public String browserName;
   public String browserVersion;
   public RemoteWebDriver driver = null;
   boolean status = false;




   @Parameterized.Parameters
   public static LinkedList<String[]> getEnvironments() throws Exception {
       LinkedList<String[]> env = new LinkedList<String[]>();
       env.add(new String[] { "WIN10", "chrome", "121.0" });
       env.add(new String[] { "macOS Big Sur", "safari", "17.0" });
       env.add(new String[] { "WIN8", "firefox", "122.0" });
       return env;
   }




   public JunitParallelExecutionDemo(String platform, String browserName, String browserVersion) {
       this.platform = platform;
       this.browserName = browserName;
       this.browserVersion = browserVersion;
   }




   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {


ChromeOptions browserOptions = new ChromeOptions();
browserOptions.setPlatformName("Windows 10");
browserOptions.setBrowserVersion("121.0");
HashMap<String, Object> ltOptions = new HashMap<String, Object>();
ltOptions.put("username", "YOUR_LT_USERNAME");
ltOptions.put("accessKey", "YOUR_LT_ACCESS_KEY");
ltOptions.put("visual", true); // To enable step by step screenshot
ltOptions.put("network", true); // To enable network logs
ltOptions.put("console", true); // To capture console logs
ltOptions.put("video", true);// To enable video recording
ltOptions.put("build", "JUnitRepeatedTestSample");
ltOptions.put("name", "JUnitRepeatedTestSample");
ltOptions.put("selenium_version", "4.0.0");
ltOptions.put("w3c", true);
browserOptions.setCapability("LT:Options", ltOptions);
       try {
           driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("https://" + username + ":" + accessKey + gridURL), capabilities);
       } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
           System.out.println("Invalid grid URL");
       } catch (Exception e) {
           System.out.println(e.getMessage());
       }
   }
   @Test
   @RepeatedTest(value=2)
   public void testParallel() throws Exception {
       try { // Change it to production page
           int total_elements=0;
           driver.get("https://todomvc.com/examples/react/#/");
           driver.findElement(By.className("new-todo")).sendKeys("Lambdatest Cross Browser Testing");;
           total_elements = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//ul[@class='todo-list']/li")).size();
           Assert.assertEquals(1, total_elements);




       } catch (Exception e) {
           System.out.println(e.getMessage());
       }
   }




   @After
   public void tearDown() throws Exception {
           driver.quit();
       }

}

Check out the blog for a step-by-step JUnit tutorial on running JUnit Selenium tests using TestNG. It provides a comprehensive guide for an end-to-end understanding of the process.

Using JUnit 5 Mockito for Unit Testing

In this section of the JUnit tutorial, we will delve into using Mockito for unit testing. Before moving on to practical execution, we will first explore the principles and approaches behind Mockito. Subsequently, we will provide code implementations for better understanding.

Mockito is a valuable Java unit testing framework that simplifies the automation testing process. Specifically designed for unit testing, Mockito employs mocking to isolate the Application Under Test (AUT) from external dependencies.

Internally, Mockito utilizes the Java Reflection API to create mock objects. These mock objects essentially act as dummies during implementation. The key objective behind employing dummy objects is to streamline test development by simulating external dependencies, allowing for their seamless integration into the code.

There are two primary approaches to mock objects in Mockito: employing the @Mock annotation and utilizing the Mock() method. These techniques provide flexibility in creating and utilizing mock objects, enhancing the efficiency of the testing process.

In this section of the JUnit tutorial, we will take a simple example to demonstrate parallel testing with Mockito and JUnit 5.

Test Scenario:

This test scenario will be executed across various browsers, versions, and platform combinations utilizing the LambdaTest remote Selenium Grid.

package MockitoDemo.MockitoDemo;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterAll;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeAll;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.parallel.Execution;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.parallel.ExecutionMode;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import static org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments.arguments;


@Execution(ExecutionMode.CONCURRENT)
public class CrossbrowserDemo {
String username = "YOUR_LT_USERNAME";
       String accesskey = "YOUR_LT_ACCESS_KEY";

      static RemoteWebDriver driver = null;
      String gridURL = "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub";
      String urlToTest = "https://www.lambdatest.com/";

      @BeforeAll
      public static void start() {
          System.out.println("=======Starting junit 5 tests in LambdaTest  Grid========");
      }

      @BeforeEach
      public void setup(){
          System.out.println("=======Setting up drivers and browser========");
      }

      public void browser_setup(String browser) {
          System.out.println("Setting up the drivers and browsers");
          DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();

          if(browser.equalsIgnoreCase("Chrome")) {
                ChromeOptions browserOptions = new ChromeOptions();
                browserOptions.setPlatformName("Windows 10");  // To specify the OS
                browserOptions.setBrowserVersion("121.0"); //To specify the browser version
                HashMap<String, Object> ltOptions = new HashMap<String, Object>();
                ltOptions.put("username", "YOUR_LT_USERNAME");
                ltOptions.put("accessKey", "YOUR_LT_ACCESS_KEY");
                ltOptions.put("visual", true);  // To enable step by step screenshot
                ltOptions.put("video", true); // To enable video recording
                ltOptions.put("network", true);  // To enable network logs
                ltOptions.put("build", "JUnit5Tests_Chrome");   //To identify the test
                ltOptions.put("name", "JUnit5Tests_Chrome");
                ltOptions.put("console", "true");  // To capture console logs
                ltOptions.put("selenium_version", "4.0.0");
                ltOptions.put("w3c", true);
                browserOptions.setCapability("LT:Options", ltOptions);
          }
          if(browser.equalsIgnoreCase("Firefox")) {


            FirefoxOptions browserOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
            browserOptions.setPlatformName("Windows 10"); // To specify the OS
            browserOptions.setBrowserVersion("122.0"); //To specify the browser version
            HashMap<String, Object> ltOptions = new HashMap<String, Object>();
            ltOptions.put("username", "YOUR_LT_USERNAME");
            ltOptions.put("accessKey", "YOUR_LT_ACCESS_KEY");
            ltOptions.put("visual", true);  // To enable step by step screenshot
            ltOptions.put("video", true); // To enable video recording
            ltOptions.put("network", true); // To enable network logs
            ltOptions.put("build", "Running_Junit5Tests_In_Grid_Firefox"); //To identify the test
            ltOptions.put("name", "JUnit5Tests_Firefox");
            ltOptions.put("console", "true"); // To capture console logs
            ltOptions.put("w3c", true);
            browserOptions.setCapability("LT:Options", ltOptions);



          }
          if(browser.equalsIgnoreCase("Safari")) {




            SafariOptions browserOptions = new SafariOptions();
            browserOptions.setPlatformName("macOS Big sur"); // To specify the OS
            browserOptions.setBrowserVersion("17.0"); //To specify the browser version
            HashMap<String, Object> ltOptions = new HashMap<String, Object>();
            ltOptions.put("username", "YOUR_LT_USERNAME");
            ltOptions.put("accessKey", "YOUR_LT_ACCESS_KEY");
            ltOptions.put("visual", true); // To enable step by step screenshot
            ltOptions.put("video", true); // To enable video recording
            ltOptions.put("network", true); // To enable network logs
            ltOptions.put("build", "Running_Junit5Tests_In_Grid_Safari"); //To identify the test
            ltOptions.put("name", "JUnit5Tests_Safari");
            ltOptions.put("console", "true"); // To capture console logs
            ltOptions.put("w3c", true);
            browserOptions.setCapability("LT:Options", ltOptions);
          }
          try {
              driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("https://" + username + ":" + accesskey + gridURL), capabilities);
          } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
              System.out.println("Invalid grid URL");
          } catch (Exception e) {
              System.out.println(e.getMessage());
          }

      }

      @ParameterizedTest
      @MethodSource("browser")
      public void launchAndVerifyTitle_Test(String browser) {
          browser_setup(browser);
          String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
                  .getStackTrace()[1]
                  .getMethodName();
          driver.get(urlToTest);
          driver.manage().window().maximize();
          driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
          String actualTitle = driver.getTitle();
          System.out.println("The page title is "+actualTitle);
          String expectedTitle ="Next-Generation Mobile Apps and Cross Browser Testing Cloud";
          System.out.println("Verifying the title of the webpage started");
          Assertions.assertEquals(expectedTitle, actualTitle);
          System.out.println("The webpage has been launched and the title of the webpage has been veriified successfully");
          System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
      }

      @ParameterizedTest
      @MethodSource("browser")
      public void login_Test(String browser) {
          browser_setup(browser);

          String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
                  .getStackTrace()[1]
                  .getMethodName();
          driver.get(urlToTest);
          driver.manage().window().maximize();
          driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
          WebElement login = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[text()='Login']"));
          login.click();
          WebElement username = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='email']"));
          WebElement password = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='password']"));
          WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,20);
          wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOf(username));
          username.clear();
          username.sendKeys("example001@gmail.com");
          password.clear();
          password.sendKeys("R999@89");
          WebElement loginButton = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[text()='Login']"));
          loginButton.click();
          driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
          String actual = driver.getTitle();
          String expected = "Dashboard";
          Assertions.assertEquals(expected, actual);
          System.out.println("The user has been successfully logged in");
          System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
      }

      @ParameterizedTest
      @MethodSource("browser")
      public void logo_Test(String browser) {
          browser_setup(browser);
          String methodName = Thread.currentThread()
                  .getStackTrace()[1]
                  .getMethodName();
          System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has been started********");
          System.out.println("Launching LambdaTest website started..");
          driver.get(urlToTest);
          driver.manage().window().maximize();
          driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
          System.out.println("Verifying of webpage logo started..");

          WebElement logo = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id="header"]/nav/div/div/div[1]/div/a/img"));
          boolean is_logo_present = logo.isDisplayed();
          if(is_logo_present) {
              System.out.println("The logo of LambdaTest is displayed");
          }
          else {
  Assertions.assertFalse(is_logo_present,"Logo is not present");
          }
          System.out.println("********Execution of "+methodName+" has ended********");
      }

      @AfterEach
      public void tearDown() {
          System.out.println("Quitting the browsers has started");
          driver.quit();
          System.out.println("Quitting the browsers has ended");
      }

      @AfterAll
      public static void end() {
          System.out.println("Tests ended");
      }

      static Stream<Arguments> browser() {
          return Stream.of(
                  arguments("Chrome"),
                  arguments("Firefox"),
               arguments("Safari")
      );
}
}

Explore the JUnit 5 Mockito tutorial for a detailed, step-by-step guide. Dive into the complexities and enhance your understanding of this powerful testing combination.

Using JUnit 5 Extensions

In this part of the JUnit tutorial, we will explore the execution of JUnit tests. However, before delving into the code implementation, let’s first understand the JUnit extension discussed below.

The JUnit 5 framework introduces a robust and extensible architecture, featuring a new extension model designed for easy integration of custom features and enhanced functionality.

Addressing inherent issues with JUnit 4 extension points, the JUnit 5 extension model, integrated into Jupiter, offers a solution. This model incorporates various built-in extension points, allowing for seamless customization and grouped usage. Extension developers can leverage these extension points by implementing interfaces to add supplementary capabilities to JUnit 5. These extensions serve as a mechanism to enhance and extend the capabilities of JUnit.

Notably, certain frameworks have fully integrated and adapted JUnit extension points, enabling their reuse. This integration not only amplifies the power of the Jupiter extension model but also simplifies test scenarios tailored to specific environments and situations.

JUnit operates on the principle of delivering a readily extensible foundational framework, empowering users to take swift actions beyond the capabilities provided by API developers. This inherent flexibility facilitates the construction of APIs serving as a foundation for third-party libraries.

While JUnit 5 boasts numerous third-party extensions, the focus will be on the following extensions, widely embraced by the developer community:

public class Database {
    public boolean isAvailable() {
        // TODO implement the access to the database
        return false;
    }
    public int getUniqueId() {
        return 42;
    }
}
public class Service {
        private Database database;
        public Service(Database database) {
            this.database = database;
        }
        public boolean query(String query) {
            return database.isAvailable();
        }
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Using database with id: " + String.valueOf(database.getUniqueId());
        }
}

The text will look like this:

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
public class ServiceTest {
        @Mock
        Database databaseMock;                                  

        @Test
        public void testQuery () {
            assertNotNull(databaseMock);
            when(databaseMock.isAvailable())
     .thenReturn(true);  
            Service t = new Service(databaseMock);            
            boolean check = t.query("* from t");                
            assertTrue(check);
        }
}

Explore this guide on JUnit 5 extensions and get valuable insights and enhance your understanding of the versatile capabilities offered by JUnit 5 extensions.

Minimizing browsers in Selenium WebDriver using JUnit

In this section of the JUnit tutorial, we will look into how to minimize the browser using Selenium WebDriver, but before we jump into the code implementation, we will understand the working of minimizing browser windows in Selenium WebDriver.

In JUnit tests with Selenium, minimizing browser windows is useful for efficiently automating window interactions. Selenium integrated with JUnit allows browser minimization, which is beneficial when creating space for more tests.

Valuable in test suites for smooth transitions between scenarios, it’s handy for local test runs, freeing users from continuous screen monitoring. Minimizing browser windows in Selenium WebDriver isn’t direct but can be done using the resize() method, offering a practical workaround.

To understand the functionality of minimizing browsers in Selenium WebDriver with a use case below.

Test Scenario:

Below is the code for the given above test scenario.

package LambdaTest;
import org.junit.AfterClass;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;

import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;

class MinimizeBrowserWindow {
   public String username = "YOUR_LT_ USERNAME";
   public String accesskey = "YOUR_LT_ACCESS_KEY";
   public static RemoteWebDriver driver = null;
   public String gridURL = "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub";

   @BeforeClass
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
    ChromeOptions browserOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    browserOptions.setPlatformName("Windows 10");
    browserOptions.setBrowserVersion("121.0");
    HashMap<String, Object> ltOptions = new HashMap<String, Object>();
    ltOptions.put("username", "YOUR_LT_USERNAME");
    ltOptions.put("accessKey", "YOUR_LT_ACCESS_KEY");
    ltOptions.put("build", "MinimizeBrowserWindow");
    ltOptions.put("name", "MinimizeBrowserWindowUsingSelenium");
    ltOptions.put("console", "true");
    ltOptions.put("selenium_version", "4.0.0");
    ltOptions.put("w3c", true);
    browserOptions.setCapability("LT:Options", ltOptions);
       try {
           driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("https://" + username + ":" + accesskey + gridURL), capabilities);
       } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
           System.out.println("Invalid grid URL");
       } catch (Exception e) {
           System.out.println(e.getMessage());
       }

   }

   @Test
   public void minimizeBrowserWindow() {
       try {
           System.out.println("Logging into Selenium Playground");
           driver.get("http://labs.lambdatest.com/selenium-playground/");
           driver.manage().window().minimize();
           System.out.println("Minimized the browser window");
           String title=driver.getTitle();
           System.out.println("The title of web page is:"+title);
       } catch (Exception e) {

       }

   }

   @AfterClass
   public void closeBrowser() {
       driver.close();
       System.out.println("Closing the browser");

   }

}

Explore the JUnit tutorial to learn how to minimize browsers in Selenium WebDriver using JUnit. This JUnit tutorial provides step-by-step guidance on effectively implementing browser minimization for test scenarios.

Now that we know various aspects of JUnit let’s further understand the Java-based testing framework in the following section of this JUnit tutorial.

Understand the nuances between manual and automation testing with our in-depth comparison.

Best Practices for JUnit Testing

In this section of the JUnit tutorial, we will look into some of the best practices that will help you maintain and improve your JUnit testing experience.

Keep Tests Simple and Focused

Unit tests should be straightforward and concentrate on testing one specific aspect of the code.
They should be easy to understand and maintain and provide clear feedback on what is being tested.

Use Descriptive Test Names

Name tests descriptively using the @DisplayName annotation.
Descriptive test names make the test suite more readable and help understand the purpose of each test.

Avoid Random Values at Runtime

Generating random values at runtime is generally not recommended for unit testing.
While it can reveal edge cases, it may also make tests less reliable and repeatable.

Never Test Implementation Details

Focus on testing the behavior of a unit or component, not how it is implemented.
Testing implementation details can lead to brittle tests that are difficult to maintain.

Handle Edge Cases

Consider edge cases where your code might fail.
Cover scenarios like null objects, ensuring your code is robust across different scenarios.

Apply the Arrange-Act-Assert (AAA) Pattern

Follow the AAA pattern for structuring tests:

Arrange: Set up the test data and context.
Act: Perform the operation being tested.
Assert Verify that the expected results are obtained.

Adapting to these best practices ensures that your JUnit tests are effective and maintainable, and provide meaningful insights into the behavior of your code.

In summary, this JUnit tutorial is an in-depth guide to equip developers with a comprehensive understanding of JUnit, a widely used open-source framework for Java unit testing. The tutorial focuses on integrating the JUnit with Selenium, making it a practical choice for testing web applications. Covering both JUnit 4 and JUnit 5, the JUnit tutorial delves into the architecture, benefits, and key differences between these major versions.

The content navigates through various advanced features of JUnit, such as enhanced exception handling, improved test display names, group assertions, dependency injection, and conditional and iterative testing. Practical aspects are also covered, including the setup of the JUnit environment, automation testing with JUnit and Selenium, parallel testing, Mockito for unit testing, and the use of JUnit 5 extensions. The JUnit tutorial’s exploration of JUnit annotations, assertions, and parameterized tests underscores the significance of unit testing and provides valuable insights into maintaining code reliability.

Lastly, this JUnit tutorial expands its scope to advanced topics, offering guidance on running JUnit tests in Jupiter, incorporating JUnit with TestNG, and exploring other Java unit testing frameworks like TestNG, Selenide, Gauge, Serenity BDD, Cucumber, and Geb. This JUnit tutorial proves to be an extensive resource for developers seeking a strong understanding of JUnit and its applications in the Java ecosystem.